Numerical Simulation of Sound from Flow over an Airfoil with a Blunt Trailing Edge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the sound generated by flow over an airfoil with a blunt trailing edge. Numerical simulations were performed using the Lattice-Boltzmann Method (LBM) with the Very Large-Eddy Simulation (VLES) approach. The distinct advantage of LBM over other Navier-Stokes based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods lies in its ease of handling problems with complex geometries. A 3-D simulation over a 45 o asymmetric blunt trailing edge with a freestream Mach number of M1 D 0:09 and Rec D 1:85 10 6 was performed. Comparisons were made with detailed experimental data for validation. A computed shedding frequency of fLBM D 215 Hz was obtained. The measured frequency was fexp D 219 Hz. The discrepancy could be attributed to differences between the experimental and numerical setup. The far-field noise was predicted using both the solid and porous Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) surface integral acoustic method. The far-field spectra showed good agreement with experiments up to the grid cut-off frequency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".