Enhanced palm oil mill effluent treatment and biomethane production by co‐digestion of oil palm empty fruit bunches with <i>Chlorella</i> Sp
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) and minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorous which can cause severe pollution to the environment and water resources. In this study, aerobic and anaerobic co‐digestion of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) with Chlorella sp. was developed for POME treatment and biomethane production. Higher removal efficiency (56–98 %) of COD, BOD, TOC, and TN after 3 and 7 days' treatment were achieved with microalgae than without microalgae. Using response surface methodology, the highest specific biogas production rate (0.128–0.129 m 3 /kg COD/day) and biomethane yield (5256.8–5295.8 mL/L POME/day) were achieved with Chlorella sp. at 2 mL/mL POME, and OPEFB at 0.12 g/mL POME. Without both microalgae and OPEFB, the methane yield was 1.4‐fold lower. The values for optimum conditions were predicted well by the model within 5 % error.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it