Alarm substances elicit limited population‐level responses in fathead minnow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract – Alarm substances, chemical cues released by injured prey, are associated with increased predation risk. In the laboratory, fathead minnows limit conspicuous behaviours, such as foraging and nest guarding, when exposed to these cues. Although such responses could lead to reductions in growth and reproduction, with subsequent demographic consequences (e.g., recruitment), effects of alarm substances at the population level are largely unknown. In three field experiments, ponds and cattle troughs stocked with fathead minnow populations were treated with alarm substances or a water control over the summer breeding and growing season. Alarm substances had no effect on male parental behaviour. In one experiment, spawning occurred earlier with exposure to alarm substances; however, there was no subsequent effect on recruitment of young in this or in the other two experiments. Despite individual‐level effects in short‐term experiments, repeated exposure to alarm substances over a season had no measureable impact at the population scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".