Investigating opposing patterns of character displacement in release and advertisement vocalizations of<i>Bufo fowleri</i>and<i>Bufo americanus</i>(Anura; Bufonidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anuran release vocalizations function to prevent prolonged amplexus between males, whereas advertisement vocalizations potentially act as a premating isolation mechanism. To facilitate rapid release during heterospecific amplexus, selection should favor convergent character displacement in release vocalizations. Conversely, to promote isolation between sympatric congeners, selection should favor divergent character displacement in advertisement vocalizations. I examined properties of release and advertisement vocalizations of Bufo fowleri and Bufo americanus that are important in mate recognition (periodicity and dominant frequency) to determine if the two calls exhibit opposing patterns of character displacement. Release vocalizations showed no pattern of displacement. The periodicity of sympatric advertisement vocalizations differed from that of allopatric vocalizations for B. americanus but not for B. fowleri. However, the results were not consistent with the pattern expected for divergent character displacement because the two species differed in this parameter in allopatry. These results are compared with published reports of char acter displacement in the B. americanus species-group in the context of a possible mosaic hybrid zone for these species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".