Alternative Symbol Representations with Radial Symmetry for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a new method for peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems using two alternative signalling points to represent one symbol. In this redundant signal representation with no need for side information, the expanded constellation of signalling points used on each OFDM subcarrier is comprised of a conventional modulation scheme such as PSK or QAM and an external circle of alternative signalling points. The design of the expanded constellation maintains the minimum distance between signalling points and its advantage stems from the location of the alternative signalling point being radially symmetric to the original signalling point in the conventional constellation. Significant PAPR reduction is achieved by choosing for transmission signalling points which result in lower PAPRs. Specifically, the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the modified OFDM signal shows about a five (5) dB improvement in PAPR at clipping probability of 10 4 over the original OFDM signal. This performance is comparable to that in similar PAPR reduction schemes; however it is achieved at a significantly lower computational overhead.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".