Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emerald, a green transparent variety of beryl, was one of the most highly prized gemstones in antiquity. The earliest known emerald mine is located in the mountain valley of Wadi Sikait in Egypt's Eastern Desert, where mining probably began toward the end of the Ptolemaic period in the first century BC. Most of the mining activity, however, dates to the Roman and Byzantine periods, from the late first century BC through the sixth century AD. The Romans referred to emerald as smaragdus and named the Sikait region Mons Smaragdus or Emerald Mountain. An archaeological geology survey of Wadi Sikait was undertaken for the purpose of mapping the distribution of ancient mine workings, deducing the ancient mining methods, and describing the geological occurrence of emerald. It was found that emerald and other green beryls occur within the contact zone between phlogopite schist and intrusive quartz and pegmatite veins. The workings, which were excavated in the softer phlogopite schist with flat-edged chisels and pointed picks, are mostly shallow, open-cut trenches that follow the quartz/ pegmatite veins. Some workings continue as much as 100 m underground and are still largely unexplored. It is noteworthy that the geological occurrence of beryl in Wadi Sikait, the world's oldest emerald mine, is essentially the same as for the world's newest emerald discovery at Regal Ridge in Canada's Yukon Territory. RESUME L'emeraude qui est une variete de beryl vert transparent, etait l'une des pierres precieuses les plus prisees dans l'Antiquite. La plus vieille mine d'emeraude connue est situee dans la vallee de montagne de Wadi Sikait dans le desert oriental de l'Egypte, ou l'extraction a probablement debutee vers la fin de la periode ptolemaique durantle premier siecle A.C. Cependant, le gros des travaux d'extraction date des periodes romaines et byzantines, de la fin du premier siecle avant J.C. jusqu'au sixieme siecle apres J.C. Les Romains utilisaient le mot smaragdus pour designer l'emeraude et designait la region de Sikait par l'expression Mons Smaragdus ou la montagne d'emeraude. Une etude de geologie archeologique de Wadi Sikait a ete entreprise dans le but de cartographier les anciens sites d'extraction, d'en deduire les anciennes methodes d'extraction utilisees et de circonscrire la distribution des gisements d'emeraude. On a decouvert que les gisements d'emeraude et autres beryls verts sont localises dans la zone de contact separant une zone de schistes a phlogopite et de veines intrusives de quartz, d'une zone de pegmatites. Les excavations pratiquees dans la formation plus tendre du schiste a phlogopite a l'aide de ciseaux a pointe aplatie et de pics pointus, sont peu profondes pour la plupart, et forment des tranchees a ciel ouvert qui longent les zones de veines de quartz et de pegmatites. Certaines d'entre-elles qui se prolongent en soussol jusqu'a 100 m de profondeur sont peu explorees. Il est interessant de noter que le cadre geologique du beryl de Wadi Sikait, la plus vieille mine d'emeraude au monde, est essentiellement le meme que celui du plus recent gisement decouvert a Regal Ridge dans les Territoires du Yukon au Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".