The German Economy and East-Central Europe: The Development of Intra-Industry Trade from Ostpolitik to the Present
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past decade Germany has had one of the most successful economies in the developed world. Despite the ongoing Euro crisis unemployment has fallen below 7 percent, reaching its lowest levels since German reunification in 1990. Germany’s youth unemployment is among the lowest in Europe, far beneath the European average.1 One of the most important engines of the German economy today, and in fact throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, has been its export sector. As Ludwig Erhard, West Germany’s Economics Minister during the Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s remarked: “foreign trade is quite simply the core and premise of our economic and social order.”2 According to various estimates, today exports and imports of goods and services account for nearly a half of German GDP—up from only a quarter in 1990. Germany is one of only three economies that do over a trillion dollars worth of exports a year, the other two being the United States and China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".