Continental fens in western Canada as effective carbon sinks during the Holocene
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here, we present results of Holocene carbon accumulation from seven new peat cores at four fen sites from Alberta, western Canada. Along with two other published fen records in the same region, we provide a regional synthesis of carbon accumulation patterns, as well as peat property data in this continental climate. On the basis of >3000 peat sample measurements at 1-cm intervals, organic matter content in peat samples is on average at 91.0% (±9.3% in SD) and ash-free bulk density at 0.141 g/cm 3 (±0.045 g/cm 3 in SD) with a range of 0.018–0.381 g/cm 3 . On the basis of 109 radiocarbon age determinations from these cores, the overall mean carbon accumulation rate at these fens since 9 kyr (1 kyr = 1000 cal. yr BP) is 32.5 g C/m 2 /yr, which is much higher than the northern peatland average of 18.6–22.9 g C/m 2 /yr from large-scale syntheses. The ‘instantaneous’ apparent carbon accumulation rates from all these individual measurements at mostly 1-cm intervals are highly variable throughout the Holocene, ranging from 6 to 504 g C/m 2 /yr. The carbon accumulation rates appear to show peak values at 8.3, 6.8, 5.3, 3.8, 2.7, and 1.1 kyr, suggesting a ~1500-year periodicity in carbon accumulation, possibly in response to Holocene climate change. Furthermore, carbon accumulation shows a gradual declining trend from 7 to 2 kyr, reaching a minimum at 2 kyr, likely in response to neoglacial climate cooling during the later part of the Holocene in the high-latitude regions. Overall, these fens accumulated and store on average 264 kg C/m 2 during the Holocene, among the highest soil carbon storage reported from terrestrial ecosystems. Our results, along with previous global and regional syntheses, suggest that in contrast to conventional wisdom, fens in continental climates accumulate peat at similar or greater rates than do bogs in oceanic climates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".