Start‐to‐end global imaging of a sunward propagating, SAPS‐associated giant undulation event
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present high time resolution global imaging of a sunward propagating giant undulation event from start to finish. The event occurred on 24 November 2001 during a very disturbed storm interval. The giant undulations began to develop at around 1345 UTC and persisted for approximately 2 h. The sunward propagation speed was on the order of 0.6 km/s (relative to magnetic latitude–magnetic local time coordinate system). The undulations had a wavelength of ∼718 km and amplitudes of ∼890 km and produced ULF pulsations on the ground with a period of ∼1108 s. We show (1) that the undulations were associated with subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) flows that were caused by the proton plasma sheet penetrating substantially farther earthward than the electron plasma sheet on the duskside and (2) that they may have been related to the arrival on the duskside of a substorm‐associated westward traveling surge‐like structure. The observations appear to be consistent with the development of a shear flow and/or ballooning type of instability at the plasmapause driven by intense SAPS‐associated shear flows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".