Loss of ALX4 expression in epithelial cells and adjacent stromal cells in breast cancer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Loss of the stromally-restricted homeodomain transcription factor, Alx4, causes defective mouse mammary epithelial morphogenesis. AIMS: To begin to define the role of ALX4 in the human breast and in breast cancer, the expression pattern of ALX4 in the normal human breast and changes in expression in breast cancer were determined. METHODS: Cells expressing ALX4 in the human breast were identified by co-immunofluorescence using alpha-ALX4 antibodies and markers of specific mammary cell types. ALX4 expression in breast cancer was then determined by immunohistochemistry on tumour sections that also harboured regions of normal breast tissue. Using criteria that required ALX4 staining in both stromal and epithelial cells, changes in ALX4 expression in tumours on a tissue microarray were determined. RESULTS: ALX4 was expressed in both stromal and luminal epithelial cells in the human breast. Scoring tissue sections of duct carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) that also harboured regions of normal breast tissue, a loss of ALX4 (p<0.001) in stromal and epithelial cells in breast tumours was observed. Analysis of ALX4 expression in 123 sections on a tissue microarray confirmed a highly significant loss (p<0.001) of ALX4 in breast cancer in the tumours themselves and in adjacent stromal cells. CONCLUSIONS: These data show a distinct pattern of expression of ALX4 in the human breast relative to the murine mammary gland. Furthermore, characterisation of ALX4 in breast cancer showed that loss of ALX4 in tumours and the surrounding untransformed stroma is a basic characteristic of DCIS and IDC.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".