Behavior of mine tailings under cyclic hydraulic loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shallow water cover is one of the most effective methods of managing sulfide-bearing reactive mine tailings. Unless sufficient water cover depth is provided, surface erosion by wind-induced waves and pressure-driven currents can re-suspend the tailings and expose them to dissolved oxygen and affect the quality of the water cover. The present study gives a simple approach for the estimation of the critical shear stress for surface erosion of mine tailings and cohesive sediments under shallow water cover. Erosion tests were carried out in a Plexiglas laboratory annular column on mine tailings and sediments under a 50 cm water cover. The annular column was 30 cm in diameter, 120 cm in height and had a 9 cm annular flow width. Shear stress was introduced through a motor driven Teflon stirrer to investigate the initiation of motion and subsequent re-suspension of newly deposited mine tailings and sediments. The velocity field and the pressure change in the boundary layer were measured by laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and Preston tube, respectively. The ranges of critical shear stress for the tailings and sediments were estimated by the LDV and Preston tube measurements and visual observation. The results showed that the erosion behavior of most of the mine tailings can be explained by a power law erosion equation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".