An introduced invertebrate predator (<i>Bythotrephes</i>) reduces zooplankton species richness
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rarely do ecologists have the data needed to assess the impacts of invading species on biodiversity, i.e. pre‐ and post‐invasion census information from both invaded and control sites. Using a 21‐year time series, we demonstrate that the invasion of Harp Lake, Ontario, Canada, by the Eurasian spiny water flea, Bythotrephes longimanus, a zooplanktivore, was accompanied by a rapid and long‐lasting reduction in the average species richness of crustacean zooplankton, particularly of cladoceran taxa. No such reduction was observed in seven nearby un‐invaded lakes over the same two decades. If the Harp Lake results are typical, we predict a widespread reduction in crustacean zooplankton richness on the Canadian Shield for three reasons. Shield lakes provide the invader with good habitat. Its dispersal rates and colonization success are high. Zooplankton richness in Harp Lake is now unusually low for a Shield Lake of its size and acidity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".