Instability caused by a seepage impediment in layered fill slopes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The underlying cause of loose fill slope failures in Hong Kong has been attributed to static liquefaction during heavy rainfall. A series of centrifuge model tests and numerical analyses were conducted to illustrate that instability of a fill slope inclined at approximately the internal friction angle of the soil can be triggered by confined groundwater flow due to soil layering in the fill slope. The results also showed that slope failure could occur irrespective of the density of the fill material when seepage was sufficiently impeded leading to a localised buildup of pore-water pressure in the slope. A numerical parametric study was carried out to examine the effect of variations in hydraulic conductivity in the layered fill slopes. The results showed that the excess pore pressure distribution and hence the failure mode were strongly dependent on the location of the inhomogeneous soil layers and their hydraulic properties. It was also demonstrated that layered fill slopes with spatial variation in hydraulic conductivity of as small as one order of magnitude were vulnerable to global failure under confined groundwater flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".