Holocene chironomid-inferred salinity and paleovegetation reconstruction from Kilpoola Lake, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salinity fluctuations in lakes of semi-arid regions have been recognised as indicators of paleoclimatic change and have provided a valuable line of evidence in paleoclimatic reconstruction. However, factors other than climate, including sedimentologic events, may also affect salinity. At Kilpoola Lake, early postglacial freshwater chironomids (Microtendipes, Sergentia, and Heterotrissocladius) occur in the basal sediments and yield a chironomid-inferred salinity of <0.03 g/l. Higher salinities, ranging from 1.0 to 3.5 g/l, with Cricotopus/Orthocladius and Tanypus (chironomids typical of saline environments) follow and, persist for most of the remainder of the Holocene. An inferred 450% salinity increase (from 1.6 to 7.3 g/l) occurred in the sediment above the Mount Mazama tephra, followed by a return to the pre-Mount Mazama salinity. The early Holocene pollen spectra are typical of open steppe, but the post-Mazama Artemisia pollen percentages are exceptionally high and are associated with silty clays. Pollen spectra following this Artemisia peak represent steppe communities and are consistent with regional trends. We suggest that the changes in chironomid communities and vegetation after deposition of the Mazama ash do not reflect a rapid shift to warmer or drier climate and evaporation, but rather an increased ionic concentration due to solutes derived from the freshly deposited tephra and perhaps in- washed silts and clays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".