A virtual reality based 3D real-time interactive brachytherapy simulation of needle insertion and seed implantation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Virtual reality based simulation can facilitate training, rehearsal, and intra-operative assistance used to improve the accuracy and quality of prostate brachytherapy, in this paper, we introduce a 3D real-time interactive simulation of needle insertion and seed implantation for prostate brachytherapy and report on the haptic feedback model used in this system. A deformable soft tissue model has been generated based on the restricted 3D ChainMail method to account for tissue deformation during needle insertion. A direct manipulation model for dynamic needle-tissue interaction was adopted. Haptic feedback, mimicking forces experienced in real procedures was provided to enhance realism and training outcome. The brachytherapy procedure has been simulated to demonstrate the errors caused by tissue deformation. Functionally, the simulation software is divided into two parts: visual simulation and haptic rendering. The preliminary implementation results of this simulation have demonstrated to be useful and promising.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".