Security Ethics and the Modern Military: The Case of the Israel Defense Forces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rise to the fore of realist ontologies in international relations has meant that ethical issues have been associated more with evaluation than explanation. Yet ignoring the constitutive role of morality and ethics in structuring security policy choices leaves us without a complete understanding of the causes and consequences of international behavior. Accordingly, this article seeks to transplant the role of ethics from the realm of evaluative to empirical theory by introducing the idea of a security ethic, referring to the state’s—and by extension the military’s—normative attitudes toward the use of organized violence, including under what circumstances it is ethically permissible to use force at all, and the manner in which force can be justly employed in a given military operation. The article develops this framework by reference to the historical security outlook of the Israel Defense Forces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.040 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".