THE EFFECT OF SNOWPACK WARMING ON THE STRESS BULB BELOW A SKIER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Skier induced stresses are believed to penetrate deeper into the snow pack with in-creasing snow temperatures, and hence initiation of a fracture in a weak layer becomes more likely. To date, no measurements exist to quantify or validate the temperature effect on the stress bulb below a skier. In this study we present first results of two-dimensional measurements of the skier induced stress distribution. Thin, 5 x 5 cm, capacitive pressure sensors were placed in a snow pit wall below a standing skier. To factor in the effect of temperature changes, the measurements were conducted before and after one to two-day warming periods. Increasing temperatures of the near-surface layers altered the shape of the stress bulb, but so far we have not observed a substantial increase in depth. In some cases, warming and softening of the near-surface layer resulted in deeper ski penetration and stronger bending of the ski, distributing the skier’s weight over a longer distance. Therefore, the stress bulb lengthened, but did not gain in depth. A widening stress bulb may overcome the critical length necessary to initiate AND propagate a fracture in a weak layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".