THE EFFECT OF SNOWPACK WARMING ON THE STRESS BULB BELOW A SKIER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Skier induced stresses are believed to penetrate deeper into the snow pack with in-creasing snow temperatures, and hence initiation of a fracture in a weak layer becomes more likely. To date, no measurements exist to quantify or validate the temperature effect on the stress bulb below a skier. In this study we present first results of two-dimensional measurements of the skier induced stress distribution. Thin, 5 x 5 cm, capacitive pressure sensors were placed in a snow pit wall below a standing skier. To factor in the effect of temperature changes, the measurements were conducted before and after one to two-day warming periods. Increasing temperatures of the near-surface layers altered the shape of the stress bulb, but so far we have not observed a substantial increase in depth. In some cases, warming and softening of the near-surface layer resulted in deeper ski penetration and stronger bending of the ski, distributing the skier’s weight over a longer distance. Therefore, the stress bulb lengthened, but did not gain in depth. A widening stress bulb may overcome the critical length necessary to initiate AND propagate a fracture in a weak layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".