Evaluation of Five Herbicide Treatments to Control Yellow Toadflax (<i>Linaria vulgaris</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Yellow toadflax {Linaria vulgaris) is an invasive weed of rangelands, forests, and croplands in North America and a common problem for land managers (Wilson et al. 2005). Endemic to central Europe and the Mediterranean region, yellow toadflax was intentionally introduced to North America during the 1800s (Wilson et al. 2005) as an ornamental, a fabric dye, and for ethnobotanical ,use. The species escaped cultivation and has become an opportunistic invader throughout the continental United States, Canada, and parts of Mexico (Jacobs and Sing 2006). Yellow toadflax has been legally designated as a noxious weed in much of western North America (USDA 2013); it thrives in disturbed, open habitats and can easily dominate native or desirable plant communities (Wilson et al. 2005).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".