Bibliographic record
Abstract
With one notable exception, namely the genus Parasponia in the elm family, the ability to form nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with gram-negative soil bacteria known as rhizobia is restricted to the legume family, Leguminosae. It has been well established that initiation of successful nodular symbiosis requires strict compatibility between rhizobial-secreted Nod factors and a perception machinery of the plant host roots (Albrecht et al., 1999). Nod factors comprise a heterogeneous group of morphogenic lipo-chitooligosaccharides with a major role as determinants of host specificity (Spaink, 2000). Nanomolar concentrations of purified Nod factors can mimic bacterial infections to a certain extent by inducing several root cellular responses that are characteristic of compatible interaction between the host plant and symbiotic bacteria. Early plant responses to Nod factors, including activation of a subset of plant specific genes called early nodulins (ENODs), calcium spiking, root hair curling, pre-infection thread formation, and induction and organogenesis of nodule primordia (NP), have been extensively studied and constitute the subject of several recent reviews (for example,Geurts and Bisseling, 2002). Curiously, while the biology of nitrogen-fixing root nodules has been broadly investigated, we still do not understand what unique evolutionary event predisposed legume plants and Parasponia to form nodular symbiosis with rhizobia. In an attempt to address this question, we analyze here three specific examples demonstrating that this symbiosis may have recruited existing plant regulatory programs during its evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".