Do law reforms matter? Exploring the victimization− criminalization continuum in the sentencing of Aboriginal women in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1996 Canada introduced progressive sentencing law reforms, such as: restorative non-carceral alternatives for offenders to serve their prison sentence in the community under strict conditions for up to two years; and special consideration of Aboriginal offenders so that courts may take into account the detrimental effects of colonialism such as residential schools, family breakdown and substance abuse. This article is a quantitative examination of 168 reported sentencing decisions to assess the impacts of these reforms upon Aboriginal men and women convicted of violent offences. Findings presented here suggest that the potential of sentencing law reforms is realized unevenly across Canada, pursued most often in sexual assault cases, and seldom on behalf of Aboriginal women. I suggest sentencing law reforms are insufficient strategies to address the incarceration spiral of Aboriginal women when the conditions of their lives are contoured by legacies of trauma and neglect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".