A Sub-1-V 4-GHz CMOS VCO and a 12.5-GHz oscillator for low-voltage and high-frequency applications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the design and experimental measurements of four CMOS LC-based oscillators. The design methodologies of two different topologies and approaches for their optimization are presented. The first topology is optimized for low voltage operation in a 0.25-/spl mu/m process, which is demonstrated by a finest prototype, requiring only a 0.85-V power supply and reaching a maximum frequency of 4 GHz. A second circuit, using the same architecture in a 0.35-/spl mu/m process, oscillates at 5 GHz and operates from a 1.5-V power supply, while maintaining reasonable phase noise (-87.3 dBc/Hz @ 100 kHz offset). Finally, the third and fourth oscillators, based on a PMOS-NMOS complementary differential structure, were optimized for high frequency, reaching maximum oscillating frequencies of 10.5 GHz and 12.5 GHz, in a 0.35-/spl mu/m process. The oscillators make use of on-chip components only, allowing for simple and robust integration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it