A Sub-1-V 4-GHz CMOS VCO and a 12.5-GHz oscillator for low-voltage and high-frequency applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the design and experimental measurements of four CMOS LC-based oscillators. The design methodologies of two different topologies and approaches for their optimization are presented. The first topology is optimized for low voltage operation in a 0.25-/spl mu/m process, which is demonstrated by a finest prototype, requiring only a 0.85-V power supply and reaching a maximum frequency of 4 GHz. A second circuit, using the same architecture in a 0.35-/spl mu/m process, oscillates at 5 GHz and operates from a 1.5-V power supply, while maintaining reasonable phase noise (-87.3 dBc/Hz @ 100 kHz offset). Finally, the third and fourth oscillators, based on a PMOS-NMOS complementary differential structure, were optimized for high frequency, reaching maximum oscillating frequencies of 10.5 GHz and 12.5 GHz, in a 0.35-/spl mu/m process. The oscillators make use of on-chip components only, allowing for simple and robust integration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".