A comparison of consecutive and concurrent input text entry techniques for mobile phones
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The numeric keypads on mobile phones generally consist of 12 keys (0-9, *, #). Ambiguity arises when the 36-character alpha-numeric English alphabet is mapped onto this smaller number of keys. In this paper, we first present a taxonomy of the various techniques for resolving this ambiguity, dividing them into techniques that use consecutive actions to first select a character grouping and then a character from within that grouping, and those that use concurrent actions to achieve the same end. We then present the design and implementation of a chording approach to text entry that uses concurrent key presses. We conducted a controlled experiment that compared this chording technique to one-handed and two-handed versions of the commonly used MultiTap technique. The results show that the concurrent chording technique significantly outperforms both versions of the consecutive action MultiTap technique.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it