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LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, R. X. Adhikari, P. Ajith, B. Allen, G. Allen, Raouf Amin, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, Musfira Arain, M. Araya, H. Armandula, P. Armor, Y. Aso, S. M. Aston, P. Aufmuth, C. Aulbert, P. T. Baker, S. W. Ballmer, C. Barker, D. Barker, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, M. A. Barton, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, M. Bastarrika, B. Behnke, M. Benacquista, J. Betzwieser, P. T. Beyersdorf, I. A. Bilenko, G. Billingsley, R. Biswas, E. Black, J. K. Blackburn, Lindy Blackburn, D. G. Blair, B. Bland, T. P. Bodiya, L. Bogue, R. Bork, V. Boschi, S. Bose, P. R. Brady, V. B. Braginsky, J. E. Brau, D. O. Bridges, M. Brinkmann, A. F. Brooks, D. Brown, A. R. Brummit, G. Brunet, A. Bullington, A. Buonanno, O. Burmeister, R. L. Byer, L. Cadonati, J. B. Camp, J. K. Cannizzo, K. C. Cannon, J. Cao, L. Cardenas, S. Caride, Giuseppe Castaldi, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, C. Cepeda, T. Chalermsongsak, E. Chalkley, P. Charlton, S. Chatterji, S. Chelkowski, Y Chen, N. Christensen, C. T. Y. Chung, Daniel E. Clark, J. A. Clark, J. H. Clayton, Thomas Cokelaer, C. N. Colacino, R. Conte, D. Cook, T. R. Corbitt, Neil J. Cornish, D. M. Coward, D. C. Coyne, J. D. E. Creighton, A. M. Cruise, R. M. Culter, A. Cumming, L. Cunningham, S. L. Danilishin, K. Danzmann, B. Daudert, G. S. Davies, E. J. Daw, D. DeBra, J. Degallaix, V. Dergachev, S. Desai, R. DeSalvo, S. Dhurandhar, M. Díaz, A. Dietz, F. Donovan, K. L. Dooley, E. E. Doomes, R. W. P. Drever, J. Dueck, I. Duke, J.‐C. Dumas, J. G. Dwyer, C. Echols, M. Edgar, A. Effler, P. Ehrens, Eduardo Espinoza, T. Etzel, M. Evans, T. M. Evans, S. Fairhurst, Y. Faltas, Y. Fan, D. Fazi, H Fehrmenn, L. S. Finn, Kurt Flasch, S. Foley, C. J. Forrest, N. Fotopoulos, A. Franzen, M. Frede, M. Frei, Z. Frei, A. Freise, R. Frey, T. T. Fricke, P. Fritschel, V. V. Frolov, M. Fyffe, Vincenzo Galdi, J. A. Garofoli, I. Gholami, J. A. Giaime, S. Giampanis, K. D. Giardina, Keisuke Goda, E. Goetz, L. M. Goggin, J. M. Gonzalez Castro, M. L. Gorodetsky, S. Goßler, R. Gouaty, A. Grant, S. Gras, C. Gray, M. Gray, R. J. S. Greenhalgh, A. M. Gretarsson, F. Grimaldi, R. Grosso, H. Grote, S. Grünewald, M. Guenther, E. K. Gustafson, R. Gustafson, B. Hage, J. M. Hallam, D. Hammer, G. Hammond, C. Hanna, J. Hanson, J. Harms, I. W. Harry, E. D. Harstad, K. Haughian, K. Hayama, J. Heefner, I. S. Heng, A. Heptonstall, M. Hewitson, S. Hild, E. Hirose, D. Hoak, K. A. Hodge, K. Holt, D. J. Hosken, J. Hough, D. Hoyland, B. Hughey, S. H. Huttner, D. R. Ingram, T. Isogai, Masahiro Ito, A. Ivanov, Ben A. Johnson, W. W. Johnson, D. I. Jones, Gareth Jones, R Jones, L. Ju, P. Kalmus, V. Kalogera, S. Kandhasamy, J. B. Kanner, Dimitri Kasprzyk, E. Katsavounidis, K. Kawabe, Seiji Kawamura, F. Kawazoe, W. Kells, D. G. Keppel, A. Khalaidovski, F. Y. Khalili, R. Khan, Е. А. Хазанов, Peter King, J. S. Kissel, S. Klimenko, K. Kokeyama, V. Kondrashov, R Kopparapu, S. Koranda, D. B. Kozak, B. Krishnan, S. Kumar, P. Kwee, Ping Koy Lam, M. Landry, B. Lantz, A. Lazzarini, Lei He, Mingxing Lei, N. Leindecker, I. Leonor, Chao Li, H. Lin, P. E. Lindquist, T. B. Littenberg, N. A. Lockerbie, D. Lodhia, M. Longo, M. Lormand, P. K. Lu, M. Lubinski, Antonio Lucianetti, B. Machenschalk, M. MacInnis, M. Mageswaran, K. Mailand, Ilya Mandel, V. Mandic, S. Márka, Z. Márka, A. S. Markosyan, J. Markowitz, E. Maros, I. W. Martin, R. M. Martin, J. N. Marx, K. Mason, F. Matichard, L. Matone, R. A. Matzner, N. Mavalvala, R. McCarthy, D. E. McClelland, S. C. McGuire, M. McHugh, G. McIntyre, D. J. A. McKechan, Kirk McKenzie, M. Mehmet, A. Melatos, A. C. Melissinos, D. F. Menéndez, G. Mendell, R. A. Mercer, S. Meshkov, C. Messenger, M. S. Meyer, J. Miller, J. Minelli, Y. Mino, V. P. Mitrofanov, G. Mitselmakher, R. Mittleman, O. Miyakawa, B. Moe, Soumya D. Mohanty, M. Mondin, G. Moreno, T. Morioka, K. Mors, K. Mossavi, C. M. Mow–Lowry, G. Mueller, H. Müller‐Ebhardt, D. Muhammad, S. Mukherjee, H. Mukhopadhyay, A. Mullavey, J. Münch, P. G. Murray, E. Myers, J. Myers, T. Nash, John H. Nelson, G. Newton, A. Nishizawa, Kenji Numata, J. O’Dell, B. O’Reilly, R. O’Shaughnessy, E. Ochsner, G. H. Ogin, D. J. Ottaway, R. S. Ottens, H. Overmier, B. J. Owen, Y. Pan, C. Pankow, M. A. Papa, V. Parameshwaraiah, P. Patel, M. Pedraza, A. Perraca, V. Pierro, I. M. Pinto, M. Pitkin, H. J. Pletsch, M. V. Plissi, F. Postiglione, M. Principe, R. Prix, L. Prokhorov, O. Punken, V. Quetschke, F. J. Raab, D. S. Rabeling, H. Radkins, P. Raffai, Z. Raics, N. Rainer, M. Rakhmanov, V. Raymond, C. M. Reed, T. Reed, H. Rehbein, S. Reid, D. H. Reitze, R. Riesen, K. Riles, B. Rivera, Peter Roberts, N. A. Robertson, C. R. Robinson, E. L. Robinson, S. Roddy, Christian Röver, J. G. Rollins, J. D. Romano, J. H. Romie, S. Rowan, A. Rüdiger, P. Russell, K. Ryan, S. Sakata, L. Sancho de la Jordana, V. Sandberg, V. Sannibale, L. Santamaría, S. Saraf, P. Sarin, B. S. Sathyaprakash, S. Sato, M. Satterthwaite, P. R. Saulson, R. L. Savage, P. Savov, M. Scanlan, R. Schilling, R. Schnabel, R. Schofield, B. Schulz, B. F. Schutz, P. Schwinberg, J. Scott, S. M. Scott, A. C. Searle, B. Sears, Frank Seifert, James A. Sellers, A. S. Sengupta, A. M. Sergeev, B. Shapiro, P. Shawhan, D. H. Shoemaker, A. Sibley, X. Siemens, D. Sigg, Sidhartha R. Sinha, A. M. Sintes, B. J. J. Slagmolen, J. Slutsky, J. R. Smith, M. Smith, N. D. Smith, K. Somiya, B. Sorazu, Andy Stein, Leo C. Stein, S. Steplewski, A. Stochino, R. Stone, K. A. Strain, S. Strigin, A. Stroeer, A. L. Stuver, T. Z. Summerscales, K.‐X. Sun, M. Sung, P. J. Sutton, G. Szokoly, D. Talukder, L. Tang, D. B. Tanner, S. P. Tarabrin, J. R. Taylor, Richard W. Taylor, John G. Thacker, K. A. Thorne, A. Thüring, K. V. Tokmakov, C. Torres, C. Torrie, G. Traylor, Miquel Trias, D. Ugolini, J. Ulmen, Karel Urbánek, H. Vahlbruch, M. Vallisneri, Marc van der Sluys, A. A. van Veggel, S. Vass, R. Vaulin, A. Vecchio, J. Veitch, P. J. Veitch, C. Veltkamp, A. Villar, C. Vorvick, S. P. Vyachanin, S. J. Waldman, L. Wallace, R. L. Ward, Adam M. Weidner, M. Weinert, A. J. Weinstein, R. Weiss, L. Wen, S. Wen, K. Wette, J. T. Whelan, S. E. Whitcomb, B. F. Whiting, C. Wilkinson, Patrick Willems, H R Williams, L. Williams, B. Willke, I. Wilmut, L. Winkelmann, W. Winkler, C. C. Wipf, A. G. Wiseman, G. Woan, R. Wooley, J. Worden, Wenhao Wu, I. Yakushin, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Z. Yan, S. Yoshida, M. Zanolin, J. Zhang, L Zhang, C. Zhao, N. Zotov, M. E. Zucker, H. zur Mühlen, J. Zweizig
Bibliographic record
VenueReports on Progress in Physics · 2009
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicPulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersScience and Technology Facilities CouncilNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaLeverhulme TrustAlexander von Humboldt-StiftungCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaAlfred P. Sloan FoundationNational Science FoundationJohn Simon Guggenheim Memorial FoundationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration
KeywordsLIGOPhysicsGravitational waveObservatoryInterferometryAstronomical interferometerAstronomyGravitational-wave astronomyNeutron starGravitational-wave observatoryGeneral relativityEinstein TelescopeTests of general relativityAstrophysicsNumerical relativityTheoretical physics
Abstract
The goal of the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is to detect and study gravitational waves (GWs) of astrophysical origin. Direct detection of GWs holds the promise of testing general relativity in the strong-field regime, of providing a new probe of exotic objects such as black holes and neutron stars and of uncovering unanticipated new astrophysics. LIGO, a joint Caltech–MIT project supported by the National Science Foundation, operates three multi-kilometer interferometers at two widely separated sites in the United States. These detectors are the result of decades of worldwide technology development, design, construction and commissioning. They are now operating at their design sensitivity, and are sensitive to gravitational wave strains smaller than one part in 10 21 . With this unprecedented sensitivity, the data are being analyzed to detect or place limits on GWs from a variety of potential astrophysical sources.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.021
Threshold uncertainty score0.071
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.021 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.342
Teacher spread0.311 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreReview
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
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Citations1,211
Published2009
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes