Numerical prediction of acoustic streaming in a microcuvette
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper reports the modelling and simulation of the acoustic streaming phenomenon, generated by a polymeric piezoelectric transducer, used for promoting fluid mixing in microfluidic devices. The acoustic streaming process consists of the absorption of the acoustic waves by the fluid which results in a pressure drop along the direction of the acoustic propagation. The generated pressure drop promotes the flow and consequently mixing. This process overcomes the slow molecular diffusion resultant from the low Reynolds number that leads to laminar flows in microcuvettes. The numerical model comprises the compressible Navier‐Stokes equations, whose variables were expanded in first‐ and second‐order values, to overcome the great difference between the piezoelectric and the fluid flow time scales. The model was implemented in OpenFoam software, through finite volumes numerical methods. It was concluded that the excitation of the transducer above the microcuvette generates a mean global flow with visible recirculation of fluids within the domain, which can be used to predict the fluid flow behaviour.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".