Tetrodotoxin prevents motor unit enlargement after partial denervation in rat hindlimb muscles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Findings that increased neuromuscular activity significantly reduced sprouting in partially denervated muscles prompted this present study to determine if the converse is true, namely that reduced activity promotes sprouting and motor unit (MU) enlargement. Partial denervation of rat hindlimb muscles by either the L4 or L5 spinal root avulsion resulted in extensive denervation (> 80%) in tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles, and moderate denervation (∼50%) in soleus (SOL) and plantaris (PL) muscles. The partially denervated muscles were then subjected to a 4 week programme of normal caged activity or TTX‐induced neuromuscular inactivity. At 1 month, measurement of MU enlargement and quantification of sprouting were evaluated, respectively, by electrophysiological and histochemical means. Analysis of electrophysiological data showed that MU forces were significantly increased in both extensively and moderately denervated muscles 1 month after partial denervation and normal cage activity and that neuromuscular activity blockade by TTX completely abolished the MU enlargement in these partially denervated muscles. Histochemical analysis of sprouting revealed that the number of sprouts was significantly increased after partial denervation and normal cage activity, particularly after extensive denervation. TTX‐induced neuromuscular inactivity dramatically reduced the number of sprouts and increased the number of free endplates in the extensively but not the moderately denervated muscles. These data demonstrate that a reduction in neuromuscular activity mediated by presynaptic blockade of neural action potentials reduces MU enlargement in partially denervated muscles by reducing axonal sprouting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".