3<i>Z</i>, 13<i>Z</i>-octadecadienyl acetate: sex pheromone of the apple clearwing moth in British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The apple clearwing moth, Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is a European species discovered in Cawston, British Columbia, Canada, in 2005. Using coupled gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection analyses we identified candidate sex pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts and effluvia from calling females. Analysis of gland extracts using four gas-chromatography (GC) columns (DB-5, DB-17, DB-23, and DB-210) showed three components (A, B, and C) that consistently elicited strong responses from male antennae. Based on previous work, the most antennally stimulatory component, B, was hypothesized to be (3 Z ,13 Z )-octadecadienyl acetate ((3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OAc). Its retention time on the four GC columns and its mass spectrum in a concentrated extract matched those of an authentic standard, thus confirming structural assignment. Components A and C were below the detection threshold of the mass spectrometer, but their retention times on the four GC columns matched those of authentic standards of (3 Z ,13 Z )-octadecadienol ((3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OH) and (2 E ,13 Z )-octadecadienyl acetate ((2 E ,13 Z )-18:OAc), respectively. Synthetic (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OAc, (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OH, and (2 E ,13 Z )-18:OAc all elicited strong responses from male antennae, further supporting structural assignments of these three components. Of these antennally active compounds, only (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OAc and (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OH were detected in effluvia from calling female moths. In field trapping tests in Cawston, (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OAc alone was as attractive as, or more attractive than, binary or ternary blends containing this component. (2 E ,13 Z )-18:OAc was behaviourally inactive alone or in combination with (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OAc, whereas 5% (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OH appeared antagonistic. Our analysis confirms that (3 Z ,13 Z )-18:OAc is the major pheromone component in S . myopaeformi s, and it alone is sufficiently attractive for use in detection surveys and development of pheromone-based controls for this introduced pest in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".