A cross-sectional baseline survey investigating the relationship between dietary diversity and cardiovascular risk factors in women from the Vaal Region, South Africa
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: Dyslipidaemia, an abnormality in circulating serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density and low-density lipoproteins, is one of the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The role of nutrients is well known in the development of cardiovascular disease, but little emphasis is placed on total diet quality. Food group diversity and food variety scores are often used to reflect diet quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary diversity and cardiovascular disease risk factors among low-income women in the Vaal Region. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational baseline survey was undertaken in 722 randomly selected black women in four purposively selected peri-urban settlements in the Vaal Region. Measurements included socio-demographic data, dietary intake (24-hour recall), dietary diversity (food frequency), anthropometric (weight and height), blood pressure and biochemi- cal indices (lipid profile). Data analyses included descriptive statistics, multivariate analyses of variance, analyses of variance and regression analyses. Results: The mean individual dietary diversity score±standard deviation (SD) for the total group was 6.4±2.4. Those women in the low dietary diversity category were significantly ( p =0.020) younger (45.8±4.4 years) and had a significantly ( p =0.002) higher body mass index (30.7±2.8 kg/m 2 ). The mean±SD of body mass index for the low and medium dietary diversity categories respectively indicated obesity (≥30 kg/m 2 ) compared to overweight in the high dietary diversity category (29.3±5.4 kg/m 2 ). The mean±SD systolic blood pressure (134.9±19.5) was significantly ( p =0.000) higher in the low dietary diversity category, whereas the medium dietary diversity category showed the highest mean±SD total triglyceride level of 70.3±23.7 mg/dl. The high dietary diversity category was associated with the highest total serum cholesterol (176.4±24.2 mg/dl), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (103.8±28.7 mg/dl) and lowest high density lipoprotein cholesterol (46.1±10.6 mg/dl) levels. Conclusions: Higher dietary diversity was associated with a healthier diet, not only in terms of nutrient intakes, but also with regard to food group variety across all nine nutritious food groups. Although relationships between dietary diversity and cardiovascular disease risk factors were observed, discrepant findings have been noted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".