Estrogen sulfotransferase regulates body fat and glucose homeostasis in female mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Estrogen regulates fat mass and distribution and glucose metabolism. We have previously found that estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), which inactivates estrogen through sulfoconjugation, was highly expressed in adipose tissue of male mice and induced by testosterone in female mice. To determine whether inhibition of estrogen in female adipose tissue affects adipose mass and metabolism, we generated transgenic mice expressing EST via the aP2 promoter. As expected, EST expression was increased in adipose tissue as well as macrophages. Parametrial and subcutaneous inguinal adipose mass and adipocyte size were significantly reduced in EST transgenic mice, but there was no change in retroperitoneal or brown adipose tissue. EST overexpression decreased the differentiation of primary adipocytes, and this was associated with reductions in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and leptin. Serum leptin levels were significantly lower in EST transgenic mice, whereas total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels were not different in transgenic and wild-type mice. Glucose uptake was blunted in parametrial adipose tissue during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in EST transgenic mice. In contrast, hepatic insulin sensitivity was improved but muscle insulin sensitivity did not change in EST transgenic mice. These results reveal novel effects of EST on adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis in female mice.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".