Bibliographic record
Abstract
NGC 2024 is a star-forming region in Orion B that contains a dense molecular ridge. A number of dense cores are seen by their dust emission. This area is investigated using observations of four formaldehyde transitions—namely, 303 → 202, 322 → 221, 505 → 404, and 523 → 422. Maps of the ridge are used to provide temperatures and densities, with a focus on the dense-core positions. The formaldehyde transition ratios 303 → 202/322 → 221 and 505 → 404/523 → 422 offer measurements of the kinetic temperature, while the ratio 303 → 202/505 → 404 allows the evaluation of number densities. The resulting temperatures are very warm (45–85 K), with no observed variation between the core centers and their envelopes. H2CO number densities of ∼2 × 106 cm−3 at far-infrared (FIR) core positions and H2CO column densities in the range of 6 × 1014 to 1 × 1015 cm−2 are derived. Using the derived properties in combination with previous submillimeter continuum data, core masses of ∼2 M☉ are found within a 15'' beam size. H2CO fractional abundances are calculated and resemble previous values found in similar star-forming regions—between 2 × 10−9 and 5 × 10−9. The virial theorem applied to FIR cores 3, 4, 5, and 6 suggests that all four cores are unstable against gravitational collapse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".