First Report of <i>Sphaeropsis tumefaciens</i> on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Edison's St. John's-Wort (Hypericum edisonianum (Small) Adams & Robson) is a state-endangered, clonal, endemic shrub found in seasonal ponds in DeSoto, Glades, Highlands, and Polk counties in Florida. In 1998, a population of H. edisonianum with large (2 to 6 cm long), abnormal growths on stems was observed. Initial gall symptoms were rounded swellings beneath undisturbed bark. With age, these galls became irregular in shape, and the bark became fissured with occasional witches' broom. Galls were collected, and surface-sterilized fragments were cultured on acidified potato dextrose agar. Cultures were uniformly black with pycnidia and oblong, nonseptate, or one-septate, hyaline conidia. The fungus was identified as Sphaeropsis tumefaciens Hedges. Shallow stem cuts were made in plants with a sterile scalpel, and small pieces of the fungal culture were inserted and wrapped with Parafilm. Small swellings at the wound site were observed within 8 weeks on fungus-inoculated plants. Maximum growth of stem galls was 1 cm in length on stems after 1 year. S. tumefaciens was consistently reisolated from galls. There were seven replicate plants (with controls) in each of three experiments with similar results. To our knowledge, this is a new host record for S. tumefaciens, a widespread fungal pathogen in Florida. Under the drought conditions of 2000, wild plant populations without infection had as much as 48% mortality, while the population infected with S. tumefaciens had 83% mortality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".