On the use of the KozenyCarman equation to predict the hydraulic conductivity of soils
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A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame — the usual design — would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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- Teacher spread
- 0.169 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
The saturated hydraulic conductivity of a soil can be predicted using empirical relationships, capillary models, statistical models, and hydraulic radius theories. A well-known relationship between permeability and the properties of pores was proposed by Kozeny and later modified by Carman. The resulting equation is largely known as the KozenyCarman (KC) equation, although the two authors never published together. In the geotechnical literature, there is a large consensus that the KC equation applies to sands but not to clays. This view, however, is supported only by partial demonstration. This paper evaluates the background and the validity of the KC equation using laboratory permeability tests. Test results were taken from publications that provided all of the information needed to make a prediction: void ratio, and, either the measured specific surface for cohesive soils, or the gradation curve for noncohesive soils. The paper shows how to estimate the specific surface of a noncohesive soil from its gradation curve. The results presented here show that, as a general rule, the KC equation predicts fairly well the saturated hydraulic conductivity of most soils. Many of the observed discrepancies can be related to either practical reasons (e.g., inaccurate specific surface value; steady flow not reached; unsaturated specimens, etc.) or theoretical reasons (some water is motionless; hydraulic conductivity of soils is anisotropic). These issues are discussed in relation to the predictive capabilities of the KC equation.Key words: permeability, prediction, gradation curve, specific surface.
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The record
- Venue
- Canadian Geotechnical Journal
- Topic
- Soil and Unsaturated Flow
- Field
- Engineering
- Canadian institutions
- —
- Funders
- —
- Keywords
- Hydraulic conductivityGradationGeotechnical engineeringSoil waterPermeability (electromagnetism)Void ratioWater retention curveAnisotropyGeologySoil scienceChemistryPhysics
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes