Genetic and ecological assessment of population rehabilitation: walleye in Lake Superior
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sustainable management of exploited species is an ongoing challenge, particularly where populations have collapsed or been depleted by overharvest and habitat alteration. The walleye (Sander vitreus) population in Lake Superior's Black Bay historically supported more than 90% of the commercial walleye harvest from the entire lake, but collapsed in 1968 and has still not recovered despite long-term closure of the fishery. In an effort to rehabilitate this population, hatchery-origin walleye from exogenous sources were released into Black Bay between 2003 and 2005. We used individual-based analysis of genetic data collected between 2007 and 2010 to examine the contributions of different wild sources and hatchery stocking events to the contemporary walleye population in Black Bay. We found that 75% of the walleye in Black Bay originated from above- and below-barrier native populations in the Black Sturgeon River. The hatchery stocking events differed considerably in their effectiveness: the 2003 release of fry had no measurable contribution, whereas the 2004 and 2005 releases of fingerlings contributed 71% and 45% of the fish in their respective age classes. Hatchery and wild fish were similar in size, but hatchery fish rarely utilized the river habitat where Black Bay walleye historically spawned, and there was little genetic evidence of interbreeding or natural recruitment of stocked fish. Overall, our results suggest that restoring habitat connectivity to facilitate wild recruitment has greater potential than further exogenous stocking to contribute to the recovery of walleye in this system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".