Response of buried steel pipelines subjected to relative axial soil movement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The performance of buried steel pipelines subjected to relative soil movements in the axial direction was investigated using full-scale pullout testing in a soil chamber. Measured axial soil loads from pullout testing of pipes buried in loose dry sand were comparable to those predicted using guidelines commonly used in practice. The peak values of axial pullout resistance observed on pipes buried in dense dry sand were several-fold (in excess of 2 times) higher than the predictions from guidelines; the observed high axial pullout resistance is primarily due to a significant increase in normal soil stresses on the pipelines, resulting from constrained dilation of dense sand during interface shear deformations. This reasoning was confirmed by direct measurement of soil stresses on pipes during full-scale testing and numerical modeling. The research findings herein suggest that the use of the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at-rest (K 0 ) to compute axial soil loads, employing equations recommended in common guidelines, should be undertaken with caution for pipes buried in soils that are likely to experience significant shear-induced dilation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".