Regression of Medial Elastocalcinosis in Rat Aorta
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether carbonic anhydrase (CA), which plays an important role in bone resorption, contributes to vascular mineral loss induced by an endothelin receptor antagonist. METHODS AND RESULTS: Wistar rats were compared with rats receiving warfarin and vitamin K1 (WVK) for 8 weeks alone or in association with the endothelin receptor antagonist darusentan (30 mg/kg per day), the CA inhibitor acetazolamide (100 mg/kg per day), or both for the last 4 weeks. Rats were also treated with WVK for 5 or 6 weeks, and darusentan was added for the last week or last 2 weeks of treatment, respectively. Treatment with WVK produced medial elastocalcinosis in the aorta and carotid arteries. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CA II was already abundant in the adventitia and in calcified areas of aortic sections from WVK-treated rats. Darusentan did not significantly modify its abundance or distribution. In contrast, CA IV immunostaining, which was weak in WVK-treated rats, became apparent after 1 week of darusentan treatment and declined toward basal levels thereafter. These findings were confirmed by a parallel increase in CA IV protein abundance and activity in the aorta. The mineral loss induced by darusentan was blunted by acetazolamide treatment, confirming the functional relevance of the biochemical findings. Moreover, CA IV immunostaining was enhanced much later in the carotids, where darusentan did not cause regression of elastocalcinosis. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular mineral loss induced by the blockade of endothelin receptors seems dependent on the activation of membrane-bound CA IV, suggesting that mineral loss may proceed via local changes in pH similar to that seen in bone resorption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".