THE ROLE OF SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE CANADIAN VOWEL SHIFT: EVIDENCE FROM TORONTO
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Canadian Vowel Shift (CVS) has been the focus of a number of recent impressionistic and acoustic studies. This study provides further information about the social profile of the CVS in Toronto, with a focus on the roles of gender, age, and ethnicity. It offers an acoustic analysis of bit, bet, and bat vowels using tokens from sociolinguistic interviews with Torontonians of British, italian, and Chinese ancestry. While age and sex contribute to variation, there are no significant differences according to ethnicity for vowel height or backness of any vowel. These results suggest that Torontonians participate in this change in progress, regardless of ethnic group.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it