A limited role for ultraviolet radiation when threespine sticklebacks (<i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i>) prey upon<i>Daphnia</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Any trait of predatory species that enhances hunting efficiency should be favoured by natural selection. Foraging in threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is mainly visually mediated. The visual system of sticklebacks is extended into the ultraviolet (UV) range of the spectrum. We tested, in four different experimental setups, the influence of different spectral compositions, in particular the presence and absence of ultraviolet wavelengths, on the feeding performance of threespine sticklebacks while foraging on live Daphnia magna, which absorb UV. In the three experiments with similar background reflections, the foraging behaviour of sticklebacks was unaffected by removing UV wavelengths. But in the fourth experiment, sticklebacks showed a significant difference between the rate of detecting prey against a UV-reflecting or UV-absorbing background. Sticklebacks significantly attacked prey faster when the background lacked UV reflections. Thus, the interaction of prey with its background in UV wavelengths influenced sticklebacks' prey detection. Removing long wavelengths impaired foraging rate, suggesting that long wavelengths may be more important in foraging tasks than UV wavelengths.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".