Ultrasound Visualization of the Superficial Peroneal Nerve in the Mid-calf
Bibliographic record
Abstract
THE superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) arises from the common peroneal nerve at the level of the fibular neck and descends in the lateral compartment of the leg. In the distal half of the leg, the SPN is sandwiched between peroneus brevis and the intermuscular septum that separates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg, and gradually ascends into a superficial location before eventually piercing the crural fascia.1,2 Here the SPN divides into medial and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerves, which travel subcutaneously to supply the dorsum of the foot.3The SPN is traditionally blocked by “blind” subcutaneous infiltration of local anesthetic across the dorsum of the foot at the intermalleolar line. The SPN may, however, be reliably located and blocked using ultrasound by placing a high-frequency (10–15 MHz) linear-array transducer transversely across the lateral aspect of the leg midway between the fibular head and lateral malleolus. The chief landmark is the fibula, which in cross-section casts an acoustic shadow with a peaked appearance. The “peak” of this shadow points toward the intermuscular septum (IMS) and the SPN. The nerve is visible as a hyper- or hypoechoic structure lying between peroneus brevis (PB) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) just deep to the crural fascia (dotted arrows, fig. A). The identity of the SPN can be confirmed by tracing it distally toward the ankle, and observing the nerve rise through the crural fascia into a subcutaneous location (fig. B). The nerve may also widen, reflecting its bifurcation into its terminal branches.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".