Differential Properties of Astrocyte Calcium Waves Mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y2 Receptors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intercellular spread of Ca2+ waves is the primary manifestation of cell-to-cell communication among astrocytes. Ca2+ waves propagate via the release of a diffusible extracellular messenger that has been identified as ATP. In dorsal spinal astrocytes, Ca2+ waves are mediated by activation of two functionally distinct subtypes of metabotropic purinoceptor: the P2Y1 receptor and a receptor previously classified as P2U. Here, we show that the P2U receptor is molecularly and pharmacologically identical to the cloned P2Y2 receptor. Both P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors are necessary for full Ca2+ wave propagation in spinal astrocytes. Conversely, heterologous expression of either P2Y1 or P2Y2 receptors is sufficient for Ca2+ waves, and expressing these receptor subtypes together recapitulates the characteristics of Ca2+ waves in spinal astrocytes. Thus, P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors are both necessary and sufficient for propagation of Ca2+ waves. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there are dramatic differences in the characteristics of Ca2+ waves propagating through each receptor subtype: Ca2+ waves propagating via P2Y2 receptors travel faster and further than those propagating via P2Y1 receptors. We find that the nucleotidase apyrase selectively blocks Ca2+ wave propagation through P2Y2 receptors but accelerates Ca2+ waves propagating through P2Y1 receptors. Taking our results together with those from the literature, we suggest that mediation of Ca2+ waves by ATP leading to activation of two subtypes of receptor, P2Y1 and P2Y2, may be a general principle for gliotransmission in the CNS. Thus, processes that alter expression or function of these receptors may control the rate and extent of astrocyte Ca2+ waves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".