Oxidised proteins and superoxide anion production in the diaphragm of severe COPD patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the diaphragms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, the nature of oxidatively modified proteins and superoxide anion production were explored. Diaphragm specimens were obtained through thoracotomy because of localised lung lesions in COPD patients (16 severe and eight moderate) and 10 control subjects. Lung and respiratory muscle functions were evaluated. Oxidised proteins were identified using immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. Protein and activity levels of the identified proteins were determined using immunoblotting and activity assays. Lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence signals in a luminometer were used to determine superoxide anion levels in muscle compartments (mitochondria, membrane and cytosol) using selective inhibitors. In severe COPD patients compared with controls, respiratory muscle function was impaired; creatine kinase, carbonic anhydrase III, actin and myosin were oxidised; myosin carbonylation levels were increased five-fold; creatine kinase content and activity and myosin protein were reduced; superoxide anion levels were increased in both mitochondria and membrane compartments; and the percentage of superoxide anion inhibition achieved by rotenone was significantly greater. In severe COPD patients, oxidation of diaphragm proteins involved in energy production and contractile performance is likely to partially contribute to the documented respiratory muscle dysfunction. Furthermore, generation of the superoxide anion was increased in the diaphragms of these patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".