The Endogenous Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Antisense Gene Product Regulates Pituitary Cell Growth and Hormone Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; FGF-2) is one of 19 related members of a growth factor family with mitogenic and hormone-regulatory functions. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, a 1.5-kb FGF-2 antisense (GFG) RNA complementary to the third exon and 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of FGF-2 mRNA has been implicated in FGF-2 mRNA editing and stability. The human homolog has been cloned, and we localized this gene by yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), somatic cell, and radiation hybrid panels to the same chromosomal site as FGF-2 (chromosome 4, JO4513 adjacent to D4S430), confirming this as a human endogenous antisense gene. The full-length GFG antisense RNA encodes a 35-kDa protein, which is highly homologous with the MutT family of antimutator nucleosidetriphosphatases (NTPases). We show that human pituitary tumors express FGF-2 and its endogenous antisense partner GFG. While normal pituitary expresses GFG but not FGF-2, pituitary adenomas express FGF-2 and have reduced levels of GFG; aggressive and recurrent adenomas expressed more FGF than GFG mRNA. To examine the effects of this antisense gene in the pituitary, we transfected the pituitary-derived GH4 mammosomatotroph cell line with constructs encoding the full-length human GFG cDNA. Transiently and stably transfected cells expressed the 35-kDa GFG protein that was localized to the cytoplasm. These cells exhibited enhanced PRL expression as documented by transiently transfected PRL-luciferase reporter assay and by endogenous PRL protein. GFG expression in these cells did not alter endogenous FGF-2 expression but increased the proportion of the higher molecular mass 22-kDa form of GH. Moreover, GFG expression inhibited cell proliferation as shown by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) nuclear staining, and cell cycle analysis. We conclude that the GFG-encoded protein has divergent hormone-regulatory and antiproliferative actions in the pituitary that are independent of FGF-2 expression. GFG represents a novel mechanism involved in restraining pituitary tumor cell growth while promoting hormonal activity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".