Kinetic study of permanganate oxidation of tetrachloroethylene at a high pH under acidic conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Since carbon compounds are the main component of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), the end products of all in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) will include carbon dioxide. If the production rate of carbon dioxide exceeds the capacity of water to remove the carbon dioxide, degassing will occur. The uncontrolled carbon dioxide gas may change the flow patterns, remobilize the pooled DNAPL, transport DNAPL vapor, and reduce the relative permeability to the aqueous phase. Under high pH buffered conditions, most of the carbon dioxide will be dissolved in water. In this study, potassium permanganate oxidation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was conducted using a sodium carbonate buffered solution (1 g/L, pH = 10.6 ± 0.1) at three different temperatures (5, 10, and 20°C) and three potassium permanganate concentrations (0.2, 1, and 5 g/L). Extensive kinetic studies suggest that the overall oxidation is a second‐order reaction and pseudo‐first‐order with respect to PCE and potassium permanganate, respectively. The second‐order rate constant and the activation energy were 0.028 ± 0.001 M−1s−1 at 20°C and 43.9 ± 2.85 kJ/M, respectively. This study provides a base for further experimental and field studies on potassium permanganate oxidation of PCE under natural or artificial high pH buffered conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".