Two-year deflections of the Confederation Bridge
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive research program is currently in progress to monitor and study the behavior and performance of the Confederation Bridge. Part of this program is on monitoring short- and long-term deflections to evaluate the deflection prediction techniques employed in the design of concrete structures in general and this bridge in particular. The investigation comprises measurements of parameters related to the materials used in the bridge. This paper presents some field measurements of vertical deflection as well as the results of computer analysis. Short-term deflections are measured at the time of installation of precast units and also in truck-loading tests. After completion of construction, the deflections are measured at specified intervals. The last readings reported in this paper have been taken 27 months after completion of construction. The computer program CPF (Cracked Plane Frames in prestressed concrete) is employed for analysis of the monitored part of the Confederation Bridge. The bridge is modeled as a plane frame in which the nonprestressed and prestressed steels are considered. Several analyses are performed employing the actual time-dependent concrete properties measured in the field and those calculated from the ACI Committee 209 equations and CEB-FIP Model Code. Comparisons are made between the measured and the predicted deflections. The predicted deflections are found to be in close agreement with the measured values, which indicates that the deflection prediction techniques used in design of this bridge are adequate.Key words: computer analysis, concrete bridges, Confederation Bridge, creep, deflections, field measurements, long-term, prestressed steel, segmental construction, short-term, shrinkage, time-dependent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".