A new interparticle friction apparatus for granular materials
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new apparatus is described that measures interparticle friction between sand-sized grains over relatively large displacements and also under immersion in a fluid. Its relatively simple design allows the key calibrations to be checked by statics. An analysis of the geometry of simple spherical particle contacts and the forces at those contacts revealed that there are strict constraints on the permissible stiffness of the interparticle friction apparatus to avoid stick–slip behaviour. Tests on ball bearings gave highly repeatable data, while others on glass ballotini revealed a significant effect of ambient humidity on the data obtained. The interparticle friction was found to increase with the roughness of the ballotini. Immersion in water increased the interparticle friction slightly for both the ballotini and quartz sand particles, while immersion in oil reduced the friction considerably for the quartz sand, especially at higher contact force levels.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it