Full Scale and Wind Tunnel Testing of Rooftop Equipment on a Flat Roof
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Damage surveys performed during recent hurricane seasons have identified roof-top equipment as a primary point of failure on low-rise building envelopes. Rooftop equipment failures caused by high winds have resulted in millions of dollars worth of damage to buildings, primarily from water infiltration into large openings exposed by detached rooftop equipment, wind-borne debris damages caused by blown-off rooftop equipment, and delays in post-storm building re-occupancy due to subsequent mold and mildew infestations attributed to water infiltration. These observations indicate that existing rooftop equipment wind load design methodologies and anchorage techniques may not be adequate to withstand severe wind loads. The objective of this study was to obtain realistic wind loading data for rooftop equipment by conducting full-scale and wind tunnel experiments on typically sized roof-mounted air conditioning (a/c) units. Wind loads on full-scale rooftop a/c units were measured using the 6-fan Wall of Wind (WoW) hurricane simulator at Florida International University (FIU). The full-scale study considered three a/c condenser units placed on the roof of a low-rise building model having a flat slope. The a/c units were instrumented with force and pressure sensors to capture the aerodynamic loading effects. A similar investigation was carried out in a boundary layer wind tunnel (BLWT) at a scale of 1:10. The wind tunnel a/c unit models were instrumented with 32 pressure taps each, and the pressure integration method was used to calculate the net aerodynamic loading effects. Preliminary results indicate that the force and moment coefficients obtained from the full scale and model scale studies are in reasonable agreement when rooftop a/c units are away from the edges of the roof.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".