Lessons Learned from North America and Current Status of Unconventional Gas Exploration and Exploitation in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Unconventional gas has been paid more and more attention since the successful exploration in North America, China is no exception. Effective exploitation of unconventional gas can guarantee energy security, optimize energy structure and help protect environment in China. Successful experiences from North America are summarized, current status of unconventional gas in China is analyzed from three aspects: resources, technologies, polices. The success of North America profits from five reasons: governmental positive policies and tax preferences, advanced technologies, adequate pipeline infrastructure, small firms leading system, large demand of natural gas. China has large potential resources of unconventional gas. As to tight gas, the prospective resources of tight gas exceed 12 trillion cubic meters. For coal-bed methane(CBM), China is ranked 3rd after Russia and Canada and has 36.8 trillion cubic meters. China has just started shale gas study and has no definite evaluation. Until now, China has developed a series of technologies. For tight gas: high-precision 2D seismic, fast drilling, slim hole drilling. As for CBM: AVO response detect, penniform multi-lateral drilling and ultra-short radius jetting drilling. China has set many beneficial policies for unconventional gas especially for CBM, now the government is working hard on making positive policies and tax preferences for shale gas. There are several differences between North America and China: geological difference, land ownership, regulatory framework, pipeline network, small firms in America and national oil companies in China. Some suggestions are proposed for China: set positive policies and tax preferences, develop advanced and adaptive technologies, consummate natural gas market system and infrastructure, cooperate with foreign companies and monitor the effect of unconventional gas exploitation on environment. These summaries and suggestions can be instructive for other countries to develop unconventional gas.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".