Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the mechanics of block failure in frozen bluffs underlain by permafrost along Arctic coasts. Different block failure modes with and without thermoerosional niches and ice wedges are identified. A comprehensive analytical model is developed by coupling slope stability analysis with the progressive formation of a thermoerosional niche and the existence of ice wedges in the perennially frozen backshore area. Model computations involve three steps. First, the stability of frozen cliffs is examined by calculating the factor of safety based on slope analysis using the strength of permafrost soil. Second, in the presence of thermoerosional niches at the base of frozen cliffs, the failure modes and critical niche depths are determined by applying the moving boundary of a developing thermoerosional niche to the stability analysis. Finally, the effects of ice wedges are examined by imposing a change in strength conditions related to the existence of ice wedges at different locations in the potential failure region. Different potential failure modes and the critical combination of features contributing to block failure occurrences in Arctic coastal bluffs are identified through model calculations. Nondimensional parameters, regression equations, and graphs are derived to be used for determining the block failure potential for Arctic coasts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".