Rationalizing Catalyst Inks for PEMFC Electrodes Based on Colloidal Interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A preliminary kinetic model was developed for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalyst inks in order to understand their particle stability. The Derjaguin Landau Verwey Overbeek (DLVO) model containing van der Waals attractive and electrostatic repulsive interaction energy was applied to the aqueous ink dispersions, while a modified DLVO type interaction containing a Coulombic term instead of the electrostatic term was applied to the non-aqueous dispersions. Solvents were compared based on their particle size distribution and stability ratios. Results show that the carbon black particles are stable in a higher dielectric medium whereas they tend to aggregate in a lower dielectric medium. A low ionic concentration for the aqueous medium also helped to improve the ink stability by providing a better electrostatic particle repulsion. Experiments conducted with ethyl acetate, iso-propanol and deionized water agree with the model predictions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".