Differential effects of central administration of relaxin‐3 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptides in male and female rats
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Relaxin-3 (RLN3) is an orexigenic neuropeptide that produces sex-specific effects on food intake by stronger stimulation of feeding in female compared with male rats. This study determined which hypothalamic nuclei and associated neuropeptides may be involved in the sex-specific orexigenic effects of RLN3. Relaxin-3 (800 pmol) or vehicle was injected into the lateral ventricle of female and male rats. Food and water intake were measured after the first injection, and rats were euthanized after the second injection to determine the mRNA expression of the hypothalamic neuropeptides. Food but not water intake showed sex-specific effects of RLN3. Stimulation of food intake by RLN3 was significantly higher in female than in male rats. No effect of RLN3 injection was found on c-fos mRNA expression in the arcuate, dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Increased c-fos mRNA expression was observed in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) in both sexes and in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in female rats. Relaxin-3 injections led to a sex-nonspecific increase in the expression of oxytocin mRNA in the magnocellular PVN. Conversely, RLN3-induced expression of anorexigenic neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) was significantly higher in the parvocellular PVN in male compared with female rats. Finally, RLN3 administration significantly increased the expression of orexin (ORX) mRNA in the LHA in female but not in male rats. Stronger expression of anorexigenic AVP in the PVN in male rats and increased expression of ORX in the LHA in female rats may contribute to stronger orexigenic effects of RLN3 in female rats compared with male rats.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it