Measuring the Ionization of O Star Winds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present an analysis of wind line profiles from Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE ) spectra of two O7 supergiants in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds (Sk -67°111 and AV 232, respectively). Model fits yield the column densities of S IV, S VI, P IV, P V, N III, and N IV, providing the first direct measurement of the ionization balance in stellar winds. The ratios of S IV/S VI and P IV/P V are consistently lower in the LMC star. IUE and Hubble Space Telescope archival spectra are also used to measure N IV and N V, but the much higher optical depth makes the N V measurements inconclusive. The velocity and optical depth distributions in the wind are qualitatively similar between the two stars, when scaled to their terminal velocities. The terminal velocities are different, with AV 232 being lower (as found previously in SMC stars and linked to lower metallicity). These are the first results from a program to investigate wind ionization and velocity structure among hot stars in local galaxies, and they demonstrate the higher accuracy in measuring column densities of less abundant ions, such as phosphorus and sulfur, observable in the FUSE range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".