Contralateral inhibition of distortion product otoacoustic emissions in children with auditory processing disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) level elicited by contralateral noise in children with normal hearing, and those with auditory processing disorders (APD) whose audiometric thresholds were normal. It was hypothesized that children with APD would demonstrate smaller changes. Design: Levels of DPOAEs were recorded for f2 stimulus tones fixed at 2, 3, and 4 kHz while the f1 tone was ramped around nominal stimulus frequency ratios of f2/f1 = 1.22 and 1.10. Mean and maximum absolute changes resulting from contralateral broadband noise presented at 60 dB SPL were evaluated across the DPOAE frequency bands for each individual and for both groups of subjects. Study sample: Eight normal-hearing children and eight children with APD whose audiometric thresholds were normal participated. Results: There were no significant differences in DPOAE inhibition between normal hearing and APD groups, or previously recorded adult data. Mean absolute changes were typically near 1 dB, except for f2 = 4 kHz and the stimulus frequency ratio 1.22 where inhibition was only 0.5 dB. However, there were individual children in both groups who demonstrated larger DPOAE changes for some stimulus parameters. Conclusions: The inhibition of otoacoustic emissions requires further study in APD children.SumarioObjetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los cambios en el nivel de las emisiones otoacústicas por productos de distorsión (DPOAE) generados por ruido contralateral, en niños con audición normal y en aquellos con trastornos de procesamiento auditivo (APD), cuyos umbrales audiométricos era normales. Se planteó la hipótesis que los niños con ADP demostrarían cambios menores. Diseño: Se registraron los niveles de DPOAE para tonos de estímulo f2 fijos a 2, 3 y 4 KHz, mientras que el f1 fue colocado cercano a tasas nominales de frecuencia del estímulo f1/f2 = 1.22 y 1.10. Los cambios medios y máximos absolutos que resultaron del ruido de banda ancha contralateral a 60 dB SPL fueron evaluados en todas las bandas de frecuencias de las DPOAE para cada individuo y para ambos grupos de sujetos. Muestra del Estudio: Participaron ocho niños con audición normal y ocho niños con APD, cuyos umbrales audiométricos eran normales. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en la inhibición de las DPOAE entre los grupos con audición normal y con APD, o con información de adultos previamente registrada. Los cambios medios absolutos estuvieron típicamente cerca de 1 dB, excepto para f2 = 4 kHz, para la tasa de frecuencia del estímulo de 1.22, donde la inhibición fue solo 0.5 dB. Sin embargo, hubo niños individuales en ambos grupos que demostraron cambios mayores en DPOAE para algunos parámetros de estímulo. Conclusiones: La inhibición de las emisiones otoacústicas requiere de más estudio en niños con APD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".